Carbon Credits

Carbon credits put a price on greenhouse gas emissions. Some trade in government-run markets; others are sold voluntarily by projects. Here is how the two markets differ and the risks investors face.

Two different markets

Compliance marketsVoluntary markets
Who creates themGovernments set a cap on emissionsProjects that claim to reduce or remove emissions
Who buysCompanies required to cover their emissionsCompanies and people offsetting voluntarily
ExamplesThe EU and California cap-and-trade systemsForest protection, clean cookstoves, carbon removal
Price driversCap levels, policy changes, economic activityProject quality, buyer demand, reputation

General features; each program has its own rules.

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